emnlp emnlp2011 emnlp2011-25 knowledge-graph by maker-knowledge-mining
Source: pdf
Author: Zhengxian Gong ; Min Zhang ; Guodong Zhou
Abstract: Statistical machine translation systems are usually trained on a large amount of bilingual sentence pairs and translate one sentence at a time, ignoring document-level information. In this paper, we propose a cache-based approach to document-level translation. Since caches mainly depend on relevant data to supervise subsequent decisions, it is critical to fill the caches with highly-relevant data of a reasonable size. In this paper, we present three kinds of caches to store relevant document-level information: 1) a dynamic cache, which stores bilingual phrase pairs from the best translation hypotheses of previous sentences in the test document; 2) a static cache, which stores relevant bilingual phrase pairs extracted from similar bilingual document pairs (i.e. source documents similar to the test document and their corresponding target documents) in the training parallel corpus; 3) a topic cache, which stores the target-side topic words related with the test document in the source-side. In particular, three new features are designed to explore various kinds of document-level information in above three kinds of caches. Evaluation shows the effectiveness of our cache-based approach to document-level translation with the performance improvement of 0.8 1 in BLUE score over Moses. Especially, detailed analysis and discussion are presented to give new insights to document-level translation. 1
Reference: text
sentIndex sentText sentNum sentScore
1 cn Abstract Statistical machine translation systems are usually trained on a large amount of bilingual sentence pairs and translate one sentence at a time, ignoring document-level information. [sent-3, score-0.53]
2 Since caches mainly depend on relevant data to supervise subsequent decisions, it is critical to fill the caches with highly-relevant data of a reasonable size. [sent-5, score-0.569]
3 source documents similar to the test document and their corresponding target documents) in the training parallel corpus; 3) a topic cache, which stores the target-side topic words related with the test document in the source-side. [sent-8, score-0.771]
4 In particular, three new features are designed to explore various kinds of document-level information in above three kinds of caches. [sent-9, score-0.056]
5 Evaluation shows the effectiveness of our cache-based approach to document-level translation with the performance improvement of 0. [sent-10, score-0.169]
6 Especially, detailed analysis and discussion are presented to give new insights to document-level translation. [sent-12, score-0.041]
7 Bond (2002) suggested nine ways to improve machine translation by imitating the best practices of human translators (Nida, 1964), with parsing the entire document before translation as the first priority. [sent-19, score-0.579]
8 However, most SMT systems still treat parallel corpora as a list of independent sentence-pairs and ignore document-level information. [sent-20, score-0.066]
9 Document-level information can and should be used to help document-level machine translation. [sent-21, score-0.034]
10 At least, the topic of a document can help choose specific translation candidates, since when taken out of the context from their document, some words, phrases and even sentences may be rather ambiguous and thus difficult to understand. [sent-22, score-0.483]
11 Another advantage of document-level machine translation is its ability in keeping a consistent translation. [sent-23, score-0.169]
12 However, document-level translation has drawn little attention from the SMT research community. [sent-24, score-0.169]
13 First of all, most of parallel corpora lack the annotation of document boundaries (Tam, 2007). [sent-26, score-0.22]
14 Thirdly, reference translations of a test document written by human translators tend to have flexible expressions in order to avoid producing monotonous texts. [sent-28, score-0.266]
15 Tiedemann (2010) showed that the repetition and consistency are very important when modeling natural language and translation. [sent-30, score-0.028]
16 He proposed to employ cache-based language and translation models in a phrase-based SMT system for domain Proce Ed iningbsu orfg th ,e S 2c0o1tl1an Cdo,n UfeKr,en Jcuely on 27 E–m31p,ir 2ic0a1l1 M. [sent-31, score-0.169]
17 Especially, the cache in the translation model dynamically grows up by adding bilingual phrase pairs from the best translation hypotheses of previous sentences. [sent-34, score-1.592]
18 One problem with the dynamic cache is that those initial sentences in a test document may not benefit from the dynamic cache. [sent-35, score-1.163]
19 Another problem is that the dynamic cache may be prone to noise and cause error propagation. [sent-36, score-0.88]
20 This explains why the dynamic cache fails to much improve the performance. [sent-37, score-0.836]
21 This paper proposes a cache-based approach for document-level SMT using a static cache and a dynamic cache. [sent-38, score-1.123]
22 In particular, the static cache is employed to store relevant bilingual phrase pairs extracted from similar bilingual document pairs (i. [sent-40, score-2.062]
23 source documents similar to the test document and their target counterparts) in the training parallel corpus while the dynamic cache is employed to store bilingual phrase pairs from the best translation hypotheses of previous sentences in the test document. [sent-42, score-1.934]
24 In this way, our cache-based approach can provide useful data at the beginning of the translation process via the static cache. [sent-43, score-0.481]
25 As the translation process continues, the dynamic cache grows and contributes more and more to the translation of subsequent sentences. [sent-44, score-1.329]
26 Our motivation to employ similar bilingual document pairs in the training parallel corpus is simple: a human translator often collects similar bilingual document pairs to help translation. [sent-45, score-1.208]
27 If there are translation pairs of sentences/phrases/words in similar bilingual document pairs, this makes the translation much easier. [sent-46, score-0.853]
28 Given a test document, our approach imitates this procedure by first retrieving similar bilingual document pairs from the training parallel corpus, which has often been applied in IR-based adaptation of SMT systems (Zhao et al. [sent-47, score-0.601]
29 2007) and then extracting bilingual phrase pairs from similar bilingual document pairs to store them in a static cache. [sent-50, score-1.332]
30 However, such a cache-based approach may introduce many noisy/unnecessary bilingual phrase pairs in both the static and dynamic caches. [sent-51, score-0.907]
31 In order to resolve this problem, this paper employs a topic model to weaken those noisy/unnecessary bilingual phrase pairs by recommending the decoder to choose most likely phrase pairs according to the topic words extracted from the target-side 910 text of similar bilingual document pairs. [sent-52, score-1.328]
32 Just like a human translator, even with a big bilingual dictionary, is often confused when he meets a source phrase which corresponds to several possible translations. [sent-53, score-0.421]
33 In this case, some topic words can help reduce the perplexity. [sent-54, score-0.16]
34 In this paper, the topic words are stored in a topic cache. [sent-55, score-0.252]
35 In some sense, it has the similar effect of employing an adaptive language model with the advantage of avoiding the interpolation of a global language model with a specific domain language model. [sent-56, score-0.02]
36 Section 3 presents our cache-based approach to documentlevel SMT. [sent-59, score-0.091]
37 Session 5 gives new insights on cache- based document-level translation. [sent-61, score-0.041]
38 (2006) assumed that the parallel sentence pairs within a document pair constitute a mixture of hidden topics and each word pair follows a topic-specific bilingual translation model. [sent-68, score-0.75]
39 It shows that the performance of word alignment can be improved with the help of document-level information, which indirectly improves the quality of SMT. [sent-69, score-0.034]
40 (2007) proposed a bilingual-LSA model on the basis of a parallel document corpus and built a topic-based language model for each language. [sent-71, score-0.22]
41 By automatically building the correspondence between the source and target language models, this method can match the topic-based language model and improve the performance of SMT. [sent-72, score-0.056]
42 Carpuat (2009) revisited the “one sense per discourse” hypothesis of Gale et al. [sent-73, score-0.03]
43 (1992) and gave a detailed comparison and analysis of the “one translation per discourse” hypothesis. [sent-74, score-0.169]
44 However, she failed to propose an effective way to integrate document-level information into a SMT system. [sent-75, score-0.02]
45 For example, she simply recommended some translation candidates to replace some target words in the post-process stage. [sent-76, score-0.225]
46 Basically, the cache is analogous to “cache memory” in hardware terminology, which tracks short-term fluctuation (Iyer et al. [sent-78, score-0.747]
47 As the cache changes with different documents, the documentlevel information should be capable of influencing SMT. [sent-80, score-0.784]
48 Previous cache-based approaches mainly point to cache-based language modeling (Kuhn and Mori, 1990), which uses a large global language model to mix with a small local model estimated from recent history data. [sent-81, score-0.054]
49 However, applying such a language model in SMT is very difficult due to the risk of introducing extra noise (Raab, 2007). [sent-82, score-0.024]
50 (2004) explored user-edited translations in the context of interactive machine translation. [sent-84, score-0.021]
51 Tiedemann (2010) proposed to fill the cache with bi- lingual phrase pairs from the best translation hypotheses of previous sentences in the test document. [sent-85, score-1.119]
52 (2004) and Tiedemann (2010) also explored traditional cache-based language models and found that a cache-based language model often contributes much more than a cache-based translation model. [sent-87, score-0.231]
53 In this way, our cache-based approach can provide useful data at the beginning of the translation process via the static cache. [sent-89, score-0.481]
54 As the translation process continues, the dynamic cache grows and contributes more and more to the translation of subsequent sentences. [sent-90, score-1.329]
55 Besides, the possibility of 911 choosing noisy/unnecessary bilingual phrase pairs in both the static and dynamic caches is wakened with the help of the topic words in the topic cache. [sent-91, score-1.405]
56 In particular, only the most similar document pair is used to construct the static cache and the topic cache unless specified. [sent-92, score-1.893]
57 In this section, we first introduce the basic phrase-based SMT system and then present our cache-based approach to achieve document-level SMT with focus on constructing the caches (static, dynamic and topic) and designing their corresponding features. [sent-93, score-0.404]
58 1 Basic phrase-based SMT system It is well known that the translation process of SMT can be modeled as obtaining the best translation e of the source sentence f by maximizing following posterior probability (Brown et al. [sent-95, score-0.389]
59 , 1993): ebest = argmaxP(e | f)= argmaxP(f | e)Plm(e) (1) e e where P(e|f) is a translation model and Plm is a language model. [sent-96, score-0.24]
60 In principle, a phrase-based SMT system can provide the best phrase segmentation and align- ment that cover a bilingual sentence pair. [sent-100, score-0.399]
61 Here, a segmentation of a sentence into K phrases is defined as: (f~e)≈ ∑ (f ,e ,~) (3) where tuple (f , e ) refers to a phrase pair, and ~ indicates corresponding alignment information. [sent-101, score-0.111]
62 2 Dynamic Cache Our dynamic cache is mostly inspired by Tiedemann (2010), which adopts a dynamic cache to store relevant bilingual phrase pairs from the best translation hypotheses of previous sentences in the test document. [sent-103, score-2.51]
63 In particular, a specific feature is incorporated S to capture useful documentlevel information in the dynamic cache: Scache(ec|fc)=∑Ki=1I(<∑ec,Ki=f1cI(>=fc<=ei,fif)i>)×e−∂i(4) where e−∂i is a decay factor to avoid the dependence of the feature’s contribution on the cache size. [sent-104, score-0.976]
wordName wordTfidf (topN-words)
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