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937 high scalability-2010-11-09-Paper: Hyder - Scaling Out without Partitioning


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Introduction: Partitioning is what differentiates scaling-out from scaling-up, isn't it? I thought so too until I read Pat Helland's blog post on Hyder , a research database at Microsoft, in which the database is the log, no partitioning is required, and the database is multi-versioned . Not much is available on Hyder. There's the excellent summary post from Mr. Helland and these documents:  Scaling Out without Partitioning  and Scaling Out without Partitioning  - Hyder Update  by Phil Bernstein and Colin Reid of Microsoft. The idea behind Hyder as summarized by Pat Helland (see his blog for the full post): Hyder is a software stack for transactional record management. It can offer full database functionality and is designed to take advantage of flash in a novel way. Most approaches to scale-out use partitioning and spread the data across multiple machines leaving the application responsible for consistency.   In Hyder, the database is the log, no partitioning is required, and the data


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1 I thought so too until I read Pat Helland's blog post on Hyder , a research database at Microsoft, in which the database is the log, no partitioning is required, and the database is multi-versioned . [sent-2, score-0.337]

2 It can offer full database functionality and is designed to take advantage of flash in a novel way. [sent-7, score-0.173]

3 In Hyder, the database is the log, no partitioning is required, and the database is multi-versioned. [sent-9, score-0.272]

4 Raw flash (not SSDs – raw flash) offers at least 10^4 more IOPS/GB than HDD. [sent-14, score-0.166]

5 Also, with many-core servers, computation can be squandered and Hyder leverages that abundant computation to keep a consistent view of the data as it changes. [sent-18, score-0.224]

6 Appending a record to the log involves a send to the log controller and a response with the location in the log into which the record was appended. [sent-20, score-1.291]

7 In this fashion, many servers can be pushing records into the log and they are allocated a location by the log controller. [sent-21, score-0.794]

8 It turns out that this simple centralized function of assigning a log location on append will adjudicate any conflicts (as we shall see later). [sent-22, score-0.622]

9 The Hyder stack comprises a persistent programming language like LING or SQL, an optimistic transaction protocol, and a multi-versioned binary search tree to represent the database state. [sent-23, score-0.539]

10 The Hyder database is stored in a log but it IS a binary tree. [sent-24, score-0.559]

11 So you can think of the database as a binary tree that is kept in the log and you find data by climbing the tree through the log. [sent-25, score-0.955]

12 For transaction execution, each server has a cache of the last committed state. [sent-29, score-0.162]

13 That cache is going to be close to the latest and greatest state since each server is constantly replaying the log to keep the local state accurate [recall the assumption that there are lots of cores per server and it’s OK to spend cycles from the extra cores]. [sent-30, score-0.528]

14 So, each transaction running in a single server reads a snapshot and generates an intention log record. [sent-31, score-0.749]

15 The transaction gets a pointer to the snapshot and generates an intention log record. [sent-32, score-0.743]

16 The server generates updates locally appending them to the log (recall that an append is sent to the log controller which returns the log-id with its placement in the log). [sent-33, score-1.182]

17 Updates are copy-on-write climbing up the binary tree to the root. [sent-34, score-0.412]

18 Changes to the log are only done by appending to the log. [sent-36, score-0.492]

19 The system-wide throughput of update transactions is bounded by the update pipeline. [sent-40, score-0.206]

20 It is estimated this can perform 15K update transactions per second over a 1GB Ethernet and 150K update transactions per second over a 10GB Ethernet. [sent-41, score-0.338]


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