emnlp emnlp2012 emnlp2012-59 emnlp2012-59-reference knowledge-graph by maker-knowledge-mining

59 emnlp-2012-Generating Non-Projective Word Order in Statistical Linearization


Source: pdf

Author: Bernd Bohnet ; Anders Bjorkelund ; Jonas Kuhn ; Wolfgang Seeker ; Sina Zarriess

Abstract: We propose a technique to generate nonprojective word orders in an efficient statistical linearization system. Our approach predicts liftings of edges in an unordered syntactic tree by means of a classifier, and uses a projective algorithm for tree linearization. We obtain statistically significant improvements on six typologically different languages: English, German, Dutch, Danish, Hungarian, and Czech.


reference text

A. Belz and E. Kow. 2011. Discrete vs. Continuous Rating Scales for Language Evaluation in NLP. In Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, pages 230–235, Portland, Oregon, USA, June. Association for Computational Linguistics. A. Belz, M. White, D. Espinosa, D. Hogan, E. Kow, and A. Stent. 2011. The First Surface Realisation Shared Task: Overview and Evaluation Results. In ENLG’11. A. B¨ ohmov a´, J. Haji cˇ, E. Haji cˇov a´, and B. Hladk ´a. 2000. The Prague Dependency Treebank: A Three-level annotation scenario. In A. Abeill´ e, editor, Treebanks: Building and using syntactically annotated corpora., chapter 1, pages 103–127. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Amsterdam. B. Bohnet, L. Wanner, S. Mille, and A. Burga. 2010. Broad coverage multilingual deep sentence generation with a stochastic multi-level realizer. In Coling 2010, pages 98–106. B. Bohnet, S. Mille, B. Favre, and L. Wanner. 2011. : From deep representation to surface. In Proceedings of the Generation Challenges Session at the 13th European Workshop on NLG, pages 232–235, Nancy, France. B. Bohnet. 2004. A Graph Grammar Approach to Map Between Dependency Trees and Topological Models. In IJCNLP, pages 636–645. N. Br¨ oker. 1998. Separating Surface Order and Syntactic Relations in a Dependency Grammar. In COLINGACL 98. S. Buchholz and E. Marsi. 2006. CoNLL-X shared task on multilingual dependency parsing. In Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning, pages 149–164, Morristown, NJ, USA. Association for Computational Linguistics. A. Cahill, M. Forst, and C. Rohrer. 2007. Stochastic realisation ranking for a free word order language. ENLG ’07, pages 17–24. K. Crammer, O. Dekel, S. Shalev-Shwartz, and Y. Singer. 2006. Online Passive-Aggressive Algorithms. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 7:551–585. D. Duchier and R. Debusmann. 2001. Topological dependency trees: A constraint-based account of linear precedence. In Proceedings of the ACL. R. Fan, K. Chang, C. Hsieh, X. Wang, and C. Lin. 2008. LIBLINEAR: A library for large linear classification. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 9: 1871–1874. K. Filippova and M. Strube. 2007. Generating constituent order in german clauses. In ACL, pages 320– 327. K. Filippova and M. Strube. 2009. Tree linearization in English: improving language model based approaches. 938 In NAACL, pages 225–228, Morristown, NJ, USA. Association for Computational Linguistics. M. Gamon, E. Ringger, R. Moore, S. Corston-Olivier, and Z. Zhang. 2002. Extraposition: A case study in German sentence realization. In Proceedings of Coling 2002. Association for Computational Linguistics. K. Gerdes and S. Kahane. 2001. Word order in german: A formal dependency grammar using a topological hierarchy. In Proceedings of the ACL. Y. Guo, D. Hogan, and J. van Genabith. 2011. Dcu at generation challenges 2011 surface realisation track. In Proceedings of the Generation Challenges Session at the 13th European Workshop on NLG, pages 227– 229. J. Haji cˇ, M. Ciaramita, R. Johansson, D. Kawahara, M.A. Mart ı´, L. M `arquez, A. Meyers, J. Nivre, S. Pad o´, J. Step a´nek, P. Stran ´ak, M. Surdeanu, N. Xue, and Y. Zhang. 2009. The CoNLL-2009 shared task: Syntactic and Semantic dependencies in multiple languages. In Proceedings of the 13th CoNLL Shared Task, pages 1–18, Boulder, Colorado. E. Haji cˇov a´, J. Havelka, P. Sgall, K. Vesel ´a, and D. Zeman. 2004. Issues of projectivity in the prague dependency treebank. Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics, 81. W. He, H. Wang, Y. Guo, and T. Liu. 2009. Dependency Based Chinese Sentence Realization. In Proceedings of the ACL and of the IJCNLP, pages 809–816. S. Kahane, A. Nasr, and O. Rambow. 1998. Pseudoprojectivity: A polynomially parsable non-projective dependency grammar. In COLING-ACL, pages 646– 652. A. Kathol and C. Pollard. 1995. Extraposition via complex domain formation. In Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 174–180. R. Kneser and H. Ney. 1995. In In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, pages 181–184. E. Kow and A. Belz. 2012. LGRT-Eval: A Toolkit for Creating Online Language Evaluation Experiments. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC’12). I. Langkilde and K. Knight. 1998. Generation that exploits corpus-based statistical knowledge. In COLING-ACL, pages 704–710. J. Nivre and J. Nilsson. 2005. Pseudo-projective dependency parsing. In Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL’05), pages 99–106, Ann Arbor, Michigan, June. Association for Computational Linguistics. O. Rambow and A. K. Joshi. 1994. A formal look at dependency grammars andphrase-structure grammars, with special consideration of word-order phenomena. In Leo Wanner, editor, Current Issues in Meaning-Text Theory. Pinter, London, UK. M. Reape. 1989. A logical treatment of semi-free word order and bounded discontinuous constituency. In Proceedings of the EACL, EACL ’89, pages 103–1 10. E. Ringger, M. Gamon, R. C. Moore, D. Rojas, M. Smets, and S. Corston-Oliver. 2004. Linguistically informed statistical models of constituent structure for ordering in sentence realization. In COLING ’04, pages 673– 679. W. Seeker and J. Kuhn. 2012. Making Ellipses Explicit in Dependency Conversion for a German Treebank. In Proceedings of LREC 2012, Istanbul, Turkey. European Language Resources Association (ELRA). A. Stent. 2011. Att-0: Submission to generation challenges 2011 surface realization shared task. In Proceedings of the Generation Challenges Session at the 13th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation, pages 230–23 1, Nancy, France, September. Association for Computational Linguistics. V. Vincze, D. Szauter, A. Alm a´si, G. M o´ra, Z. Alexin, and J. Csirik. 2010. Hungarian Dependency Treebank. In Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2010), pages 1855–1862, Valletta, Malta. S. Wan, M. Dras, R. Dale, and C. Paris. 2009. Improving grammaticality in statistical sentence generation: Introducing a dependency spanning tree algorithm with an argument satisfaction model. In EACL, pages 852– 860. M. White and R. Rajkumar. 2009. Perceptron reranking for CCG realization. In EMNLP’09, pages 410–419, Singapore, August. 939