emnlp emnlp2012 emnlp2012-3 emnlp2012-3-reference knowledge-graph by maker-knowledge-mining
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Author: Annie Louis ; Ani Nenkova
Abstract: We introduce a model of coherence which captures the intentional discourse structure in text. Our work is based on the hypothesis that syntax provides a proxy for the communicative goal of a sentence and therefore the sequence of sentences in a coherent discourse should exhibit detectable structural patterns. Results show that our method has high discriminating power for separating out coherent and incoherent news articles reaching accuracies of up to 90%. We also show that our syntactic patterns are correlated with manual annotations of intentional structure for academic conference articles and can successfully predict the coherence of abstract, introduction and related work sections of these articles. 59.3 (100.0) Intro 50.3 (100.0) 1166 Rel wk 55.4 (100.0) >= 0.663.8 (67.2)50.8 (71.1)58.6 (75.9) >= 0.7 67.2 (32.0) 54.4 (38.6) 63.3 (52.8) >= 0.8 74.0 (10.0) 51.6 (22.0) 63.0 (25.7) >= 0.9 91.7 (2.0) 30.6 (5.0) 68.1 (7.2) Table 9: Accuracy (% examples) above each confidence level for the conference versus workshop task. These results are shown in Table 9. The proportion of examples under each setting is also indicated. When only examples above 0.6 confidence are examined, the classifier has a higher accuracy of63.8% for abstracts and covers close to 70% of the examples. Similarly, when a cutoff of 0.7 is applied to the confidence for predicting related work sections, we achieve 63.3% accuracy for 53% of examples. So we can consider that 30 to 47% of the examples in the two sections respectively are harder to tell apart. Interestingly however even high confidence predictions on introductions remain incorrect. These results show that our model can successfully distinguish the structure of articles beyond just clearly incoherent permutation examples. 7 Conclusion Our work is the first to develop an unsupervised model for intentional structure and to show that it has good accuracy for coherence prediction and also complements entity and lexical structure of discourse. This result raises interesting questions about how patterns captured by these different coherence metrics vary and how they can be combined usefully for predicting coherence. We plan to explore these ideas in future work. We also want to analyze genre differences to understand if the strength of these coherence dimensions varies with genre. Acknowledgements This work is partially supported by a Google research grant and NSF CAREER 0953445 award. References Regina Barzilay and Mirella Lapata. 2008. Modeling local coherence: An entity-based approach. Computa- tional Linguistics, 34(1): 1–34. Regina Barzilay and Lillian Lee. 2004. Catching the drift: Probabilistic content models, with applications to generation and summarization. In Proceedings of NAACL-HLT, pages 113–120. Xavier Carreras, Michael Collins, and Terry Koo. 2008. Tag, dynamic programming, and the perceptron for efficient, feature-rich parsing. In Proceedings of CoNLL, pages 9–16. Eugene Charniak and Mark Johnson. 2005. Coarse-tofine n-best parsing and maxent discriminative reranking. In Proceedings of ACL, pages 173–180. Jackie C.K. Cheung and Gerald Penn. 2010. Utilizing extra-sentential context for parsing. In Proceedings of EMNLP, pages 23–33. Christelle Cocco, Rapha ¨el Pittier, Fran ¸cois Bavaud, and Aris Xanthos. 2011. Segmentation and clustering of textual sequences: a typological approach. In Proceedings of RANLP, pages 427–433. Michael Collins and Terry Koo. 2005. Discriminative reranking for natural language parsing. Computational Linguistics, 3 1:25–70. Isaac G. Councill, C. Lee Giles, and Min-Yen Kan. 2008. Parscit: An open-source crf reference string parsing package. In Proceedings of LREC, pages 661–667. Micha Elsner and Eugene Charniak. 2008. Coreferenceinspired coherence modeling. In Proceedings of ACLHLT, Short Papers, pages 41–44. Micha Elsner and Eugene Charniak. 2011. Extending the entity grid with entity-specific features. In Proceedings of ACL-HLT, pages 125–129. Micha Elsner, Joseph Austerweil, and Eugene Charniak. 2007. A unified local and global model for discourse coherence. In Proceedings of NAACL-HLT, pages 436–443. Pascale Fung and Grace Ngai. 2006. One story, one flow: Hidden markov story models for multilingual multidocument summarization. ACM Transactions on Speech and Language Processing, 3(2): 1–16. Barbara J. Grosz and Candace L. Sidner. 1986. Attention, intentions, and the structure of discourse. Computational Linguistics, 3(12): 175–204. Yufan Guo, Anna Korhonen, and Thierry Poibeau. 2011. A weakly-supervised approach to argumentative zoning of scientific documents. In Proceedings of EMNLP, pages 273–283. Liang Huang. 2008. Forest reranking: Discriminative parsing with non-local features. In Proceedings of ACL-HLT, pages 586–594, June. 1167 Nikiforos Karamanis, Chris Mellish, Massimo Poesio, and Jon Oberlander. 2009. Evaluating centering for information ordering using corpora. Computational Linguistics, 35(1):29–46. Dan Klein and Christopher D. Manning. 2003. Accurate unlexicalized parsing. In Proceedings of ACL, pages 423–430. Mirella Lapata and Regina Barzilay. 2005. Automatic evaluation of text coherence: Models and representations. In Proceedings of IJCAI. Mirella Lapata. 2003. Probabilistic text structuring: Experiments with sentence ordering. In Proceedings of ACL, pages 545–552. Maria Liakata and Larisa Soldatova. 2008. Guidelines for the annotation of general scientific concepts. JISC Project Report. Maria Liakata, Simone Teufel, Advaith Siddharthan, and Colin Batchelor. 2010. Corpora for the conceptualisation and zoning of scientific papers. In Proceedings of LREC. Ziheng Lin, Min-Yen Kan, and Hwee Tou Ng. 2009. Recognizing implicit discourse relations in the Penn Discourse Treebank. In Proceedings of EMNLP, pages 343–351. Ziheng Lin, Hwee Tou Ng, and Min-Yen Kan. 2011. Automatically evaluating text coherence using discourse relations. In Proceedings of ACL-HLT, pages 997– 1006. Mitchell P. Marcus, Beatrice Santorini, and Mary Ann Marcinkiewicz. 1994. Building a large annotated corpus of english: The penn treebank. Computational Linguistics, 19(2):313–330. Emily Pitler and Ani Nenkova. 2008. Revisiting readability: A unified framework for predicting text quality. In Proceedings of EMNLP, pages 186–195. Dragomir R. Radev, Mark Thomas Joseph, Bryan Gibson, and Pradeep Muthukrishnan. 2009. A Bibliometric and Network Analysis ofthe field of Computational Linguistics. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. David Reitter, Johanna D. Moore, and Frank Keller. 2006. Priming of Syntactic Rules in Task-Oriented Dialogue and Spontaneous Conversation. In Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pages 685–690. Jeffrey C. Reynar and Adwait Ratnaparkhi. 1997. A maximum entropy approach to identifying sentence boundaries. In Proceedings of the fifth conference on Applied natural language processing, pages 16–19. Radu Soricut and Daniel Marcu. 2006. Discourse generation using utility-trained coherence models. In Proceedings of COLING-ACL, pages 803–810. John Swales. 1990. Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings, volume 11. Cambridge University Press. Simone Teufel and Marc Moens. 2000. What’s yours and what’s mine: determining intellectual attribution in scientific text. In Proceedings of EMNLP, pages 9– 17. Simone Teufel, Jean Carletta, and Marc Moens. 1999. An annotation scheme for discourse-level argumentation in research articles. In Proceedings of EACL, pages 110–1 17. Ying Zhao, George Karypis, and Usama Fayyad. 2005. Hierarchical clustering algorithms for document datasets. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 10: 141–168. 1168
Regina Barzilay and Mirella Lapata. 2008. Modeling local coherence: An entity-based approach. Computa- tional Linguistics, 34(1): 1–34. Regina Barzilay and Lillian Lee. 2004. Catching the drift: Probabilistic content models, with applications to generation and summarization. In Proceedings of NAACL-HLT, pages 113–120. Xavier Carreras, Michael Collins, and Terry Koo. 2008. Tag, dynamic programming, and the perceptron for efficient, feature-rich parsing. In Proceedings of CoNLL, pages 9–16. Eugene Charniak and Mark Johnson. 2005. Coarse-tofine n-best parsing and maxent discriminative reranking. In Proceedings of ACL, pages 173–180. Jackie C.K. Cheung and Gerald Penn. 2010. Utilizing extra-sentential context for parsing. In Proceedings of EMNLP, pages 23–33. Christelle Cocco, Rapha ¨el Pittier, Fran ¸cois Bavaud, and Aris Xanthos. 2011. Segmentation and clustering of textual sequences: a typological approach. In Proceedings of RANLP, pages 427–433. Michael Collins and Terry Koo. 2005. Discriminative reranking for natural language parsing. Computational Linguistics, 3 1:25–70. Isaac G. Councill, C. Lee Giles, and Min-Yen Kan. 2008. Parscit: An open-source crf reference string parsing package. In Proceedings of LREC, pages 661–667. Micha Elsner and Eugene Charniak. 2008. Coreferenceinspired coherence modeling. In Proceedings of ACLHLT, Short Papers, pages 41–44. Micha Elsner and Eugene Charniak. 2011. Extending the entity grid with entity-specific features. In Proceedings of ACL-HLT, pages 125–129. Micha Elsner, Joseph Austerweil, and Eugene Charniak. 2007. A unified local and global model for discourse coherence. In Proceedings of NAACL-HLT, pages 436–443. Pascale Fung and Grace Ngai. 2006. One story, one flow: Hidden markov story models for multilingual multidocument summarization. ACM Transactions on Speech and Language Processing, 3(2): 1–16. Barbara J. Grosz and Candace L. Sidner. 1986. Attention, intentions, and the structure of discourse. Computational Linguistics, 3(12): 175–204. Yufan Guo, Anna Korhonen, and Thierry Poibeau. 2011. A weakly-supervised approach to argumentative zoning of scientific documents. In Proceedings of EMNLP, pages 273–283. Liang Huang. 2008. Forest reranking: Discriminative parsing with non-local features. In Proceedings of ACL-HLT, pages 586–594, June. 1167 Nikiforos Karamanis, Chris Mellish, Massimo Poesio, and Jon Oberlander. 2009. Evaluating centering for information ordering using corpora. Computational Linguistics, 35(1):29–46. Dan Klein and Christopher D. Manning. 2003. Accurate unlexicalized parsing. In Proceedings of ACL, pages 423–430. Mirella Lapata and Regina Barzilay. 2005. Automatic evaluation of text coherence: Models and representations. In Proceedings of IJCAI. Mirella Lapata. 2003. Probabilistic text structuring: Experiments with sentence ordering. In Proceedings of ACL, pages 545–552. Maria Liakata and Larisa Soldatova. 2008. Guidelines for the annotation of general scientific concepts. JISC Project Report. Maria Liakata, Simone Teufel, Advaith Siddharthan, and Colin Batchelor. 2010. Corpora for the conceptualisation and zoning of scientific papers. In Proceedings of LREC. Ziheng Lin, Min-Yen Kan, and Hwee Tou Ng. 2009. Recognizing implicit discourse relations in the Penn Discourse Treebank. In Proceedings of EMNLP, pages 343–351. Ziheng Lin, Hwee Tou Ng, and Min-Yen Kan. 2011. Automatically evaluating text coherence using discourse relations. In Proceedings of ACL-HLT, pages 997– 1006. Mitchell P. Marcus, Beatrice Santorini, and Mary Ann Marcinkiewicz. 1994. Building a large annotated corpus of english: The penn treebank. Computational Linguistics, 19(2):313–330. Emily Pitler and Ani Nenkova. 2008. Revisiting readability: A unified framework for predicting text quality. In Proceedings of EMNLP, pages 186–195. Dragomir R. Radev, Mark Thomas Joseph, Bryan Gibson, and Pradeep Muthukrishnan. 2009. A Bibliometric and Network Analysis ofthe field of Computational Linguistics. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. David Reitter, Johanna D. Moore, and Frank Keller. 2006. Priming of Syntactic Rules in Task-Oriented Dialogue and Spontaneous Conversation. In Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pages 685–690. Jeffrey C. Reynar and Adwait Ratnaparkhi. 1997. A maximum entropy approach to identifying sentence boundaries. In Proceedings of the fifth conference on Applied natural language processing, pages 16–19. Radu Soricut and Daniel Marcu. 2006. Discourse generation using utility-trained coherence models. In Proceedings of COLING-ACL, pages 803–810. John Swales. 1990. Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings, volume 11. Cambridge University Press. Simone Teufel and Marc Moens. 2000. What’s yours and what’s mine: determining intellectual attribution in scientific text. In Proceedings of EMNLP, pages 9– 17. Simone Teufel, Jean Carletta, and Marc Moens. 1999. An annotation scheme for discourse-level argumentation in research articles. In Proceedings of EACL, pages 110–1 17. Ying Zhao, George Karypis, and Usama Fayyad. 2005. Hierarchical clustering algorithms for document datasets. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 10: 141–168. 1168